Hi,
based on this:
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/Tutorials/Roslaunch%20Nodes%20in%20Valgrind%20or%20GDB, the launhc-prefix should be "gdb -ex run --args", not "gdb -ex run args". gsb seems to try to start executable "args", which doesn't exist.
Note for gtsam, I usually use the binary version:
https://gtsam.org/get_started/ (Install GTSAM from Ubuntu PPA), use stable release (gtsam-release-4.0).
cheers,
Mathieu